| Clio en Afrique | nº 3, automne-hiver 1997-1998 |
Note 2. Une reproduction de ce plan est inclue dans le Gentleman's Walk de H. Picard [picard68], face à la page 17.
Note 3. Van der Stel fut gouverneur au Cap de 1679 à 1699.
Note 4. Pour plus de détails, voir Armstrong J. C., Worden N. A., « The Slaves, 1652--1834 » [armstrongworden89], dans Elphick R., Giliomee H. (eds), The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840, 1989 [elphickgiliomee89], pp. 109--183, dont l'essentiel de cette analyse est inspiré.
Note 5. Pour plus de détails sur la formation de l'afrikaans, voir Houssay-Holzschuch M., « L'Afrique du Sud ou la patrie utopique », 1995 [houssay95].
Note 6. À Stellenbosch et Drakenstein, les esclaves sont employés comme ouvriers agricoles dans le vignoble.
Note 7. dagga : Nom local du haschich.
Note 8. Armstrong et Worden, « The Slaves », 1989 [armstrongworden89], p. 148. « During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries there developed an urban sub-culture which included the free blacks, political exiles from the East, Chinese traders and visiting soldiers and sailors as well as Company and privately-owned slaves. Largely centred on the many taverns of the town, it revolved around not only drinking, but also gambling and dagga smoking and the exchange of stolen, or illicitly traded, goods. Urban slaves were joined by rural slaves who went into the town on Sundays and holidays and stayed in the houses of the "Chinese" or with other urban slaves ».
Note 9. Guelke, « Freehold Farmers and Frontier Settlers » [guelke89], p. 73, in Elphick R., Giliomee H. (eds), The Shaping of South African Society, 1989, [elphickgiliomee89]. « The adoption of extensive agriculture was a reversal of the agricultural intensification process of Western Europe and hence a development of major significance. It took place before the freeburghers had cultivated enough land either to keep themselves or to meet the cereal requirement of the VOC. Had the Heren XVII invested the capital needed to establish intensive agriculture firmly, or had they set wheat price high enough to encourage the freeburghers themselves to make these investments, expansion beyond the Cape Peninsula would have been unnecessary, and a settlement such as the Heren XVII originally envisaged, confined to a defensible portion of the Cape Peninsula, might have emerged ».
Note 10. Lettre du capitaine J. Blankett, R.N. au Secretary of War, 1795, in G.M. Theal (ed), Records of the Cape Colony, I, p. 23 ; cité dans [marshall40], pp. 49--50. « All ships going to or from India make the land about the Cape. Cruisers at this station, therefore, can only be counteracted by strong convoys. Whatever tends to give France a footing in India is of consequence to us to prevent. It would be idle in me to say anything more to point out the consequence of the Cape than to say that what was a feather in the hands of Holland will become a sword in the hands of France ».
Note 11. Par Malais (Malay ou Cape Malay), j'entends une partie de la population métisse, descendant d'esclaves originaires de Malaisie et d'Indonésie. Ils forment une communauté soudée, distincte des autres Métis par la force de leurs traditions.
Note 12. Cité dans [bickfordsmith95], p. 92. « All wars in South Africa of any importance ceased with the treaty of peace signed with the Boers at Laings Nek. From a humanitarian point of view this is a matter for congratulation although hardly so from a commercial one. The sudden cessation of hostilities beside stopping the circulation of gold, left merchants with large supplies of goods specially ordered for field purposes and which thus became unsaleable. Following very soon upon this came the collapse of the Diamonds Fields, the depreciation of ostriches and their feathers, and drought with its consequent bad harvests. Everything that was bad seemed to come down upon us at once ».
Note 13. Voir à ce sujet [bickfordsmith95], pp. 26 sq., qui distingue à la suite de Stanley Trapido deux courants différents : la « petite » et la « grande » tradition libérale. La « petite » tradition est celle d'alliances locales opportunistes entre Noirs et Blancs. La « grande » tradition, celle de l'égalité devant la loi et du droit de vote, dérive de l'idéal d'assimilation : la différence entre les races n'est qu'une différence d'éducation et de culture ; à ce titre, les Noirs « civilisés » sont égaux aux Blancs.
Note 14. John Noble, Official Handbook..., 1886 [noble86]. « In Adderley Street especially, the work of reconstruction has been most marked. The unpretentious buildings of the former inhabitants have given place to modern edifices, and decorated exteriors, in imitation of the best style of European street architecture. The African Banking Corporation, the Colonial Mutual Buildings, with its clock-tower, drapers, clothiers, jewellers, chemists, booksellers, shipping and assurance offices, and other business establishments are well represented on one side of the street, while on the other are ranged the Harbour Board Offices, the Railways Terminus, the imposing Standard Bank building, the Dutch Reform Church, and the Public Offices, with the Parliament Houses beyond ».